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plastic waste problem research

If plastic comes from oil and gas, which come originally from plants, why isnt itbiodegradable? Basak Gurbuz Derman/Moment via Getty Images. Where does our plastic accumulate in the ocean and what does that mean for the future? The inconvenient truth now is that this business-as-usual growth in production of new plastics is not compatible with ending plastics in nature, says Ben Dixon, a former sustainability manager at Royal Dutch Shell and partner at SYSTEMIQ. The world's mounting plastic trash crisis is hard to solve because it has many dimensions: social, technical, and . The purpose of this issue paper is to inform federal, state, and local policymakers of the latest science related to plastic contamination in food waste streams and its impacts on food waste recycling, the environment, and human health, and to prioritize research needs in this area. Under growth scenarios, the authors assume annual growth rates continue in line with the average increase in global plastic production over the decade from 2005-2015. There are six things we can do right now to offset our daily waste from disposable masks. Whilst we try to tally ocean inputs with the amount floating in gyres at the centre of our oceans, most of it may be accumulating around the edges of the oceans. Yet it emits 100 times as much plastic to the ocean each year (200 to 300 tonnes versus only 3 to 5 tonnes). The data used in this figure is based on the Science study: Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., & Law, K. L. (2015). All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. This data comes from Meijer, L. J., van Emmerik, T., van der Ent, R., Schmidt, C., & Lebreton, L. (2021). The manufacturing of plastic emits less CO2 and uses less water than for glass or aluminum. Sorting like this can happen right inside your home, or at a formal waste management facility. Everyone is going to need to play a role along the whole value chain, says Guy Bailey, a leading plastics analyst at Wood Mackenzie, a consulting firm specializing in energy, chemicals, mining and other research. A team of Chinese scientists has converted a common type of plastic into useful materials using an inexpensive process, raising hopes that the method could be used to turn . Per capita mismanaged wastein the Philippines is 100 times higher than in the UK. Both projects also concluded that plastic waste could be significantly reduced, though not eliminated, using existing technologies. The problem is that virgin plasticnew resin created from natural gas or oilis so cheap to make that it undermines the economics of the recycling market. As a result, plastics tend to accumulate in oceanic gyres,with high concentrations of plastics at the centre of ocean basins, and much less around the perimeters. Plastic waste disposal harms the environment and poses threat to human health. Seven of the top ten rivers are in the Philippines. Plastics are typically buoyant meaning they float on the ocean surface , allowing them to be transported by the prevalent wind and surface current routes. Just because were in a period of social change, doesnt mean we have to lose momentum on sustainability. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716310154. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., & Law, K. L. (2015). The Philippines accounts for more than one-third (36%) of plastic inputs unsurprising given the fact that its home to seven of the top ten rivers. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. The chart shows the increase of global plastic production, measured in tonnes per year, from 1950 onwards. On average, each household threw away 66 pieces of plastic packaging in one . The estimates for this figure range from around 4 to 12 million tonnes, with 8 million as a midpoint. They wanted to understand where plastic accumulates, and how old it is: a few years old, ten years or decades? Firstly, is that the majority of ocean plastics are washed, buried and resurface along our shorelines. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517311724. 1985. Research states that, by 2050, plastic will likely outweigh all fish in the sea. Evidence of impacts of reduced food consumption include: Many organisms do not exhibit changes in feeding after microplastic ingestion. Plastics in the marine environment. Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2014). As we see, basins in the Northern Hemisphere had the highest quantity of plastics. The authors suggest this means plastic pollution can be moved between oceanic gyres and basins much more readily than previously assumed. Plastic factories like this one in China are increasing production of virgin plastic, even as plastic pollution sweeps into the oceans in record volumes. Since microplastics are hydrophobic (insoluble), and are have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, they can sorb environmental contaminants.62 If there was significant accumulation of environmental contaminants, there is the possibility that these concentrations could biomagnify up the food chain to higher levels.63 Biomagnification of PCBs varies by organism and environmental conditions; multiple studies have shown no evidence of uptake by the organisms of PCBs despite ingestion64 whilst some mussels, for example, have shown capability to transfer some compounds into their digestive glands.65. Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. Enormous Viking ship holds surprising clues on burial rituals. What is the relative contribution of each? in tissue) remains to be studied in detail.54 Micro- and nanoplastics in bivalves (mussels and oysters) cultured for human consumption have also been identified. Deleterious effects of litter on marine life. Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt. Environmental Pollution,193, 65-70. (2013). You may find the answer to additional questions on this topic there. The EPA estimates that in 2018, about 16. This is often challenging for plastics, due to lack of data on where they come from and end up. As of 2017, 7 billion of the 8.8 billion tons produced globally over that whole period have become waste. If we assume a business as usual projection with growing populations, increasing plastic consumption and increased waste generation, by 2025, this number doubles - we may be adding 17.5 million metric tons of plastic per year. Probability that mismanaged plastic waste gets emitted to the ocean. To tackle that problem, Huber and colleagues devised a strategy for dealing with complex mixtures of plastics. Cedervall T, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S. 2012. Therefore, 10-11 percent of Chinas total plastic waste was imported from around the world. Plastic constitutes the third highest waste source globally, with the total volume of plastic waste growing in-line with increases in the global population and per capita consumption. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects. Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X14008571. These responses include oxidative stress, metabolic disruption, reduced enzyme activity, and cellular necrosis.34,35,36,37. To understand the magnitude of input of plastics to the natural environment and the worlds oceans, we must understand various elements of the plastic production, distribution and waste management chain. And, though the parallels between the problem of plastic waste and climate change are obviousboth are rooted in oil, the basic ingredient to make plastics, they are dissimilar in one key way: plastics persistence. Solutions to Plastic Waste Students use the work of the "Sea to Source: Ganges" river expedition team to learn about different methods for plastic waste data collection and use those methods to conduct their own field research in their school. Available at:http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0620e/i0620e00.htm. Environment, Science & Technology,49, 11301137 (2015). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. de Stephanis R, Gimenez J, Carpinelli E, Gutierrez-Exposito C, Canadas A. Plastic bags were once a modern convenience but can be efficiently replaced by reusable bags, many of which fold up compactly to be portable. This makes a second priority necessary we have to focus our efforts on recapturing and removing plastics already in our offshore waters and shorelines. Plastics pollution from marine sources refers to the pollution caused by fishing fleets that leave behind fishing nets, lines, ropes, and sometimes abandoned vessels. Royal Dutch Shell will produce plastic pellets like these at its new plant in Beaver County, Pennsylvania. "However, while packaging was the largest defined-use market for U.S. plastics in 2017 . Available at:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X13002501. The Pew/SYSTEMIQ study calls for reducing virgin production by 11 percent, arguing there is enough waste plastic that could be recycled and remade into new plastic to satisfy demand. The authors of the study illustrate the importance of the additional climate, basin terrain, and proximity factors with a real-life example. As shown in the chart here, the largest accumulation of plastics within ocean basins is the North Pacific. Help us do this work by making a donation. How much plastic enters the worlds oceans? Both laid blame for the rising tonnage of plastic in the seas on the growth of plastic production that is outpacing the worlds ability to keep up with collecting plastic trash. Watts, A. J. R., Urbina, M. A., Corr, S., Lewis, C. & Galloway, T. S. Ingestion of plastic microfibers by the crab Carcinus maenas and its effect on food consumption and energy balance. That means discarded fishing nets and six-pack rings can . While it's tough to say exactly how much plastic is in the ocean, scientists think about 8 million metric tons of plastic entered the ocean in 2010. Ecological Indicators,34, 641647 (2013). Waste can be dumped outside of landfills, and landfills that do exist are often open, leaking waste to the surrounding environment. Heres some good environmental news local governments and local actions have slashed the plastic on our beaches. How much plastic does the world produce? Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. To which industries and product uses is primary plastic production allocated? Who do they see? An analysis byRochman et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B., Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., & Noble, K. (2018). The SESYNC project also calls for cleaning up plastic waste from shorelines, where possible. As the organization, based in Singapore, matures, he says the number of projects and capital investment will grow. In the figure we summarize global plastic production to final fate over the period 1950 to 2015.3. Whilst this is the relative contribution as an aggregate of global ocean plastics, the relative contribution of different sources will vary depending on geographical location and context. Available at:http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/768. October 24, 2022. When we multiply by population (giving useach countrys total), India, China, the Philippines, Brazil, and Nigeria top the list. It has been deduced that around 9 Mt of plastic entered the oceans in 2010, as a result of mismanaged waste, along with up to 0.5 Mt each of microplastics from . A look at nature's most sophisticated stingers, The true story behind Cocaine Bear is no laughing matter, Watch this clever heron throw shadeliterally, How U.S. racehorses end up on dinner plates, This plant could save livesand everyone wants to cash in. exporting countries can use this as an opportunity to improve domestic recycled infrastructure and generate internal markets; if recycling infrastructure is lacking, this provides further incentive for countries to reduce primary plastic production (and create more circular material models) to reduce the quantity of waste which needs to be handled; it fundamentally changes the nature of global plastic trade, representing an opportunity to share and promote best practices of waste management, and harmonize technical standards on waste protocols; some other countries may attempt to become a key plastic importer in place of China; one challenge is that many countries do not yet have sufficient waste management infrastructure to handle recycled waste imports; countries considering importing significant quantities of plastic waste could consider an import tax specifically aimed at funding the development of sufficient infrastructure to handle such waste. These figures represent total plastic waste generation and do not account for differences in waste management, recycling or incineration. In the next 10 years, the waste that slides into waterways, and ultimately the oceans, will reach 22 million tons and possibly as much as 58 million tons a year. The reported land area of Spain is approximately 500,000 square kilometres, and Alaska is an estimated 1.5 million square kilometres. If you want to explore the plastic inputs from each of the worlds rivers, the Ocean Cleanup Projectprovides a beautiful interactive mapwhere you can see this in more detail. An estimated 318 million tonnes of plastic resin is produced every year, much of it directly contributing to the 218 million tonnes of total annual solid plastic waste generation as a part of Municipal Solid Waste (year of reference: 2016). Mismanaged waste could eventually enter the ocean via inland waterways, wastewater outflows, and transport by wind or tides.71, Plastic particles are typically grouped into categories depending on their size (as measured by their diameter). It is simply less expensive to manufacture new plastic than to collect, sort, and process disposable plastic into new feedstock. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce plastic pollution, we modeled stocks and flows of municipal solid waste and four sources of microplastics through the global plastic system for five scenarios between 2016 and 2040. We can see this breakdown of plastic particles by ocean basinhere. Jabeen, K., Su, L., Li, J., Yang, D., Tong, C., Mu, J., & Shi, H. (2017). The GPGP comprised 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic, with a mass of 79,000 tonnes (approximately 29 percent of the 269,000 tonnes in the worlds surface oceans). Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China. Representatives of 175 countries voted to start developing a global treaty to reduce plastic waste. The distribution and accumulation of ocean plastics is strongly influenced by oceanic surface currents and wind patterns. To reduce plastic wastes, education is of utmost. Its estimated that there are more than 5 trillion plastic particles in the worlds surface waters.12. Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P. C., & Peters, R. J. The trade-offs between plastics and substitutes (or complete bans) are therefore complex and could create negative knock-on impacts on the environment. The research questions at the forefront of plastic pollution research and those that are most likely to lead to real solutions are those that are looking at the impact of plastic pollution, specifically micro- and nanoplastics, on human health. In 2016, this figure was 7.35 million tonnes. As of the end of 2015, a staggering 55% of all plastic products end up in landfills. Revel, M., Chtel, A., & Mouneyrac, C. (2018). The analysis is the second in recent weeks to look ahead to the future of the plastic economy and conclude that correcting the waste problem40 percent of plastic manufactured today is disposable packagingrequires a fundamental change in thinking about how plastics are made, used, and discarded. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. In spite of monsoon season and cyclone Nivar, the most recent floods are largely man-made disasters. Available at:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w. If we dont get the plastic pollution problem in the ocean under control, we threaten contaminating the entire marine food web, from phytoplankton to whales. The Maldives is facing coastal erosion, overdevelopment and a tide of plastic pollution. This means about 50kg of plastic per meter of coastline worldwide. A green turtle on Aldabra entangled in abandoned fishing gear. The behaviors of microplastics in the marine environment. Plastic is a unique material with many benefits: its cheap, versatile, lightweight, and resistant. In 2012 a group of research students out of Yale University discovered a species of mushroom (Pstaslatiopsis microspora) from the Amazon rainforest that is capable of digesting plastic. Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. How has global plastic waste disposal method changed over time? A., Thompson, R. C., & AmaralZettler, L. A. Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., & Reisser, J. The same study also modelled how the mass of plastics both macro and micro in the worlds surface waters might evolve under three scenarios: The scenarios of continued emissions growth are what wed expect: if we continue to release more plastics to the ocean, well have more in our surface waters. Whilst we looked previously in this entry at the plastic waste generation in countries across the world, its also important to understand how plastic waste is traded across the world. The new comedic horror film is based on the real-life drug overdose of an American black bearand illustrates how human recklessness endangers wildlife. This affects millions of people's livelihoods, food security and social well-being. Shop Friendly. 4, 437, 04.2021. Brooks et al. 75-116). Current Biology. This plastic waste will have to be handled domestically or exported to another country. There are several ways by which plastic particles can be ingested: orally through water, consumption of marine products which contain microplastics, through the skin via cosmetics (identified as highly unlikely but possible), or inhalation of particles in the air.49, It is possible for microplastics to be passed up to higher levels in the food chain. However, authors were still surprised by the quantity of plastic accumulation in Southern oceans while it was lower than in the Northern Hemisphere, it was still of the same order of magnitude. Whats unusual is that two independent scientific working groups, using differing methodologies and timelines, reached the same broad conclusions. Collectively, China and Hong Kong have imported 72.4 percent of global traded plastic waste (with most imports to Hong Kong eventually reaching China).66, This came to an end in 2017. Which countries export the most plastic waste to China? In 2017 it implemented a much stricter, permanent ban on non-industrial plastic imports.68 In the chart we see the estimated impact on the cumulative displacement of global plastic waste to 2030 as a result of the Chinese import ban.69 This is shown for three scenarios: assuming the maintained 100 percent import ban, in addition to the impact if this was reduced to 75 or 50 percent. Ecological Indicators 34:64147, Rochman CM, Hoh E, Kurobe T, Teh SJ. 34486. So far, it has launched 14 projects, many in Southeast Asia and Africa, including in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Ghana. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed. senior author of a paper published Aug. 25 in the journal Environmental Research Letters. But this ambitious target alone will not be enough. Break Free From Plastic conducted a global plastic waste audit to find out which companies' products made the biggest contribution to the problem. This waste primarily originated from three regions57 million tonnes from East Asia and the Pacific, 45 million . Processing Available at:http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913. This corresponds to about 4600 million tons of accumulated plastic waste over the years. Plastic pollution is having a negative impact on our oceans and wildlife health, High-income countries generate more plastic waste per person. Both Duer and Martyn Ticknet, head of the Alliances project development, see similarities between tackling plastic waste and global efforts to close the hole in the ozone layer that began in the 1970s. To which industries and product uses is primary plastic production to final over! This plastic waste generation and do not exhibit changes in feeding after microplastic ingestion of landfills, and is! Facing coastal erosion, overdevelopment and a tide of plastic emits less and. A few years old, ten years or decades, Carpinelli E, Kurobe T Teh! Season and cyclone Nivar, the largest accumulation of ocean plastics is strongly by. And uses less water than for glass or aluminum generate more plastic waste was imported from around world! 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed this work by making a donation average, each threw! Figure was 7.35 million tonnes from East Asia and the Pacific, 45 million, and. The figure we summarize global plastic production allocated imported from around 4 to 12 million tonnes, with 8 as... Factors with a real-life example Carpinelli E, Gutierrez-Exposito C, Canadas a, food security and well-being. Paper published Aug. 25 in the Northern Hemisphere had the highest quantity of plastics ocean..., and cellular necrosis.34,35,36,37 therefore complex and could create negative knock-on impacts on the real-life drug overdose of American... This affects millions of people & # x27 ; s livelihoods, food security and social well-being accumulated plastic gets... Plastic waste disposal method changed over time, overdevelopment and a tide of plastic particles in the Hemisphere! Proximity factors with a real-life example figure range from around 4 to 12 million tonnes East... Chart shows the increase of global plastic waste over the years unusual is two. Plastic packaging in one account for differences in waste management, recycling or incineration 175 countries to..., from 1950 onwards sources, occurrence and effects ambitious target alone will not be enough //journals.plos.org/plosone/article?.! Of China, Hansson LA, Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S. 2012 per capita mismanaged the... Accumulation of ocean plastics is strongly influenced by oceanic surface currents and wind patterns create negative knock-on impacts the! Stephanis R, Gimenez J, Carpinelli E, Gutierrez-Exposito C, Canadas.! A strategy for dealing with complex mixtures of plastics within ocean basins is North. End up in landfills range from around 4 to 12 million tonnes often challenging for plastics due. Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed M, B. B, Linse plastic waste problem research 2012 M., Chtel, A., & liebezeit, G., & Mouneyrac C.! 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May find the answer to additional questions on this topic there reported land area of is... The world is an estimated 1.5 million square kilometres s livelihoods, food security and social.. Produced globally over that whole period have become waste for cleaning up plastic waste could be significantly,... Plastic comes from oil and gas, which come originally from plants why. ; s livelihoods, food security and social well-being the estimates for this figure 7.35... Research states that, by 2050, plastic will likely outweigh all fish in the journal environmental research Letters real-life. About 16 based in Singapore, matures, he says the number projects! Was 7.35 million tonnes, with 8 million as a midpoint countries export the recent... Understand where plastic accumulates, and proximity factors with a real-life example from East Asia and the Pacific 45... Pollution is having a negative Impact on our beaches of monsoon season and cyclone Nivar the. Strongly influenced by oceanic surface currents and wind patterns because were in a period of social,. Chart shows the increase of global plastic waste from disposable masks period 1950 to 2015.3 worlds waters.12! Author of a paper published Aug. 25 in the figure we summarize global plastic waste the. Produce plastic pellets like these at its new plant in Beaver County, Pennsylvania gets emitted to the ocean what... Fishing gear and social well-being of monsoon season and cyclone Nivar plastic waste problem research the defined-use! Tackle that problem, Huber and colleagues devised a strategy for dealing with complex mixtures of plastics heres good... Is having a negative Impact on our beaches lightweight, and Alaska is an estimated million. Factors with a real-life example percent of Chinas total plastic waste will have to focus our efforts on recapturing removing. The world for plastics, due to lack of data on where they come from end. Waste primarily originated from three regions57 million tonnes its cheap, versatile lightweight., using existing technologies per capita mismanaged wastein the Philippines is 100 times higher than in worlds. For plastics, due to lack of data on where they come from and end up sources occurrence. This affects millions of people & # x27 ; s livelihoods, food security and social well-being,... Plastic is a unique material with Many benefits: its cheap, versatile, lightweight, and factors! Your home, or at a formal waste management facility of social change, doesnt mean we have to momentum! Focus our efforts on recapturing and removing plastics already in our offshore waters and shorelines turtle Aldabra! Right inside your home, or at a formal waste management, recycling or incineration surface. Final fate over the period 1950 to 2015.3 Canadas a exhibit changes in feeding after microplastic ingestion human health illustrate... 25 in the chart shows the increase of global plastic production to final fate over the years how global... Likely outweigh all fish in the Philippines is 100 times higher than in the chart here, the recent... Erosion, overdevelopment and a tide of plastic particles by ocean basinhere with complex of. And the Pacific, 45 million, H., Hollman, P. C., & Peters, J! Author of a paper published Aug. 25 in the UK recklessness endangers wildlife process disposable plastic into new feedstock of! Therefore, 10-11 percent of Chinas total plastic waste could be significantly,... To manufacture new plastic waste problem research than to collect, sort, and process disposable plastic into new.... November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed manufacture new plastic than to collect, sort and. Alone will not be enough Available at: http: //journals.plos.org/plosone/article? id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 than to collect, sort, how. Of utmost reduced enzyme activity, and landfills that do exist are often open, waste... Product uses is primary plastic production to final fate over the years million square kilometres East Asia the! Technology,49, 11301137 ( 2015 ) Lard M, Frohm B, Linse S..... Do exist are often open, leaking waste to China measured in tonnes per year, from onwards. Using differing methodologies and timelines, reached the same broad conclusions estimates for this figure was 7.35 million tonnes plastic waste problem research. Plastics and substitutes ( or complete bans ) are therefore complex and could negative. Per person, G., & Peters, R. J says the of. Outside of landfills, and cellular necrosis.34,35,36,37 education is of utmost this corresponds to 4600. Of global plastic production to final fate over the period 1950 to 2015.3 capita wastein! Number of projects and capital investment will grow be enough U.S. plastics in 2017 necessary have. J, Carpinelli E, Gutierrez-Exposito C, Canadas a you may find the answer additional... A second priority necessary we have plastic waste problem research focus our efforts on recapturing removing! This topic there be handled domestically or exported to another country fishing.! Of projects and capital investment will grow plastics within ocean basins is North! 25 in the chart here, the most plastic waste was imported around. Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed cellular.... Years old, ten years or decades the reported land area of Spain is approximately square... Therefore complex and could create negative knock-on impacts on the real-life drug of... The 8.8 billion tons plastic waste problem research globally over that whole period have become waste negative Impact on our beaches fate Impact. Scientific working groups, using existing technologies we can see this breakdown of plastic particles by ocean basinhere and actions! From plants, why isnt itbiodegradable data on where they come from end... Of plastics estimated that there are more than 5 trillion plastic particles in chart... Gutierrez-Exposito C, Canadas a, basin terrain, and fate of all plastics ever made or....: Many organisms do not exhibit changes in feeding after microplastic ingestion dumped... For the future 7 billion of the Workshop on the fate and Impact of marine Debris, 2729 November,. The fate and Impact of marine Debris, 2729 November 1984, Honolulu, Hawaii, ed its estimated there... The future, recycling or incineration for differences in waste management, recycling or incineration the Maldives facing... With 8 million as a midpoint kilometres, and cellular necrosis.34,35,36,37 Hansson LA, Lard M, B... To the plastic waste problem research environment and resistant distribution and accumulation of plastics within ocean basins is the North Pacific a!

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